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GSS 1972-2021 Cumulative Datafile


affrmactfavor preference in hiring blacks
Text of this Question or Item
153. Some people say that because of past discrimination, blacks 
should be given preference in hiring and promotion. Others say 
that such preference in hiring and promotion of blacks is wrong 
because it discriminates against whites. What about your opinion 
- are you for or against preferential hiring and promotion of 
blacks? If favors: Do you favor preference in hiring and 
promotion strongly or not strongly? If opposes: Do you oppose 
preference in hiring and promotion strongly or not strongly?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
affrmact
1
strongly favors
2
not strongly favors
3
not strongly opposes
4
strongly opposes
.d
.i
.n
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 9.8
135
7.3
100
25.7
354
57.3
789
-
79
-
1,522
-
13
100.0
2,992
1996 10.0
183
7.0
127
26.6
485
56.3
1,026
-
117
-
944
-
22
100.0
2,904
1998 8.3
142
6.9
117
24.9
425
60.0
1,024
-
145
-
961
-
18
100.0
2,832
2000 11.5
201
7.5
130
27.5
480
53.5
933
-
119
-
940
-
14
100.0
2,817
2002 9.5
84
6.6
58
28.2
249
55.7
492
-
22
-
1,857
-
3
100.0
2,765
2004 10.0
86
6.9
60
28.2
244
54.9
474
-
38
-
1,906
-
4
100.0
2,812
2006 9.9
188
7.1
136
27.6
525
55.4
1,055
-
75
-
2,518
-
13
100.0
4,510
2008 10.6
133
6.9
87
27.8
349
54.7
686
-
65
-
694
-
9
100.0
2,023
2010 11.9
160
8.4
114
27.9
377
51.8
699
-
66
-
614
-
14
100.0
2,044
2012 11.4
139
8.1
99
29.0
354
51.5
629
-
63
-
672
-
18
100.0
1,974
2014 10.9
173
8.2
130
29.8
475
51.1
814
-
67
-
863
-
16
100.0
2,538
2016 15.1
268
8.5
151
30.7
545
45.8
813
-
87
-
979
-
24
100.0
2,867
2018 15.9
230
9.1
132
30.6
443
44.4
642
-
88
-
789
-
24
100.0
2,348
2021 13.3
349
11.4
299
31.1
818
44.2
1,162
-
22
-
1,378
-
4
100.0
4,032
COL TOTAL 11.5
2,471
8.1
1,740
28.4
6,123
52.1
11,238
-
1,053
-
46,025
-
196
100.0
68,846
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.n
wrkwayupblacks overcome prejudice without favors
Text of this Question or Item
153b. Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor 
disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the 
following statement: Irish, Italian, Jewish and many other 
should do the same without special favors.
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
wrkwayup
1
agree strongly
2
agree somewhat
3
neither agree nor disagree
4
disagree somewhat
5
disagree strongly
.d
.i
.n
.s
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
1994 44.6
640
29.3
421
10.2
147
9.9
142
6.0
86
-
29
-
1,522
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 44.5
854
28.6
549
11.6
223
9.7
186
5.7
109
-
33
-
944
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 43.1
785
29.5
538
12.4
226
8.7
159
6.2
113
-
43
-
961
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 43.7
798
28.7
524
11.2
204
9.2
168
7.2
131
-
39
-
940
-
13
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 47.2
422
26.6
238
12.9
115
7.7
69
5.6
50
-
10
-
1,857
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 41.0
367
27.9
250
15.7
141
10.0
90
5.4
48
-
7
-
1,906
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 43.6
857
28.9
569
12.8
251
9.0
177
5.7
113
-
21
-
2,518
-
4
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 45.0
589
28.6
375
12.7
167
8.8
115
4.9
64
-
15
-
694
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 41.3
586
29.5
419
12.8
181
9.7
137
6.7
95
-
7
-
614
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 42.1
537
27.4
350
14.7
188
9.2
118
6.6
84
-
18
-
672
-
7
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 38.3
636
29.4
487
14.3
238
10.6
176
7.4
122
-
12
-
863
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 36.4
679
26.1
486
15.9
297
11.0
205
10.6
198
-
14
-
979
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 31.2
478
27.2
417
17.2
264
12.4
190
11.9
182
-
19
-
789
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 22.7
609
19.9
536
23.8
640
14.1
380
19.5
523
-
9
-
1,315
-
2
-
18
100.0
4,032
COL TOTAL 39.3
8,837
27.4
6,159
14.6
3,282
10.3
2,312
8.5
1,918
-
276
-
45,962
-
82
-
18
100.0
68,846
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.n,.s
blksimphave conditions for blacks improved
Text of this Question or Item
154. In the past few years, do you think conditions for black 
people have improved, gotten worse, or stayed about the same?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
blksimp
1
IMPROVED
2
GOTTEN WORSE
3
ABOUT THE SAME
.d
.i
.n
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 54.4
776
12.4
177
33.2
474
-
35
-
1,522
-
8
100.0
2,992
1996 59.7
1,128
9.7
183
30.6
577
-
67
-
944
-
5
100.0
2,904
1998 65.7
1,167
5.3
94
29.0
516
-
88
-
961
-
6
100.0
2,832
2000 64.4
1,168
5.8
106
29.7
539
-
60
-
940
-
4
100.0
2,817
2002 66.7
592
3.8
34
29.5
262
-
20
-
1,857
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,812
-
0
-
2,812
2006 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,510
-
0
-
4,510
2008 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,023
-
0
-
2,023
2010 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,044
-
0
-
2,044
2012 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,974
-
0
-
1,974
2014 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,538
-
0
-
2,538
2016 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,867
-
0
-
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
COL TOTAL 62.0
4,831
7.6
594
30.4
2,368
-
270
-
60,760
-
23
100.0
68,846
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.n
closeblkhow close feel to blacks
Text of this Question or Item
154a. In general, how close do you feel to blacks?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
closeblk
1
not at all close
2
3
4
5
neither one or the other
6
7
8
9
very close
.d
.i
.n
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
2,992
1996 6.7
64
2.5
24
4.7
45
5.0
48
44.8
427
8.0
76
10.5
100
3.5
33
14.4
137
-
12
-
1,932
-
6
100.0
2,904
1998 6.5
119
4.7
86
5.3
97
4.2
77
43.3
797
7.5
138
10.7
197
5.3
97
12.6
231
-
28
-
950
-
15
100.0
2,832
2000 7.2
130
3.0
54
4.6
83
4.0
73
41.4
751
8.4
152
11.5
208
6.3
115
13.6
246
-
18
-
956
-
31
100.0
2,817
2002 5.4
50
1.6
15
3.9
36
4.7
43
44.2
406
8.9
82
9.8
90
6.1
56
15.3
140
-
3
-
1,841
-
3
100.0
2,765
2004 3.7
33
2.0
18
2.7
24
5.1
45
45.1
402
8.2
73
13.4
119
6.3
56
13.6
121
-
5
-
1,914
-
2
100.0
2,812
2006 5.4
107
2.1
42
2.7
54
3.5
69
44.7
891
8.2
164
13.1
260
4.7
93
15.7
312
-
9
-
2,507
-
2
100.0
4,510
2008 5.5
73
2.3
31
3.6
48
3.8
50
42.1
561
8.0
106
13.2
176
6.6
88
15.0
200
-
14
-
671
-
5
100.0
2,023
2010 4.7
60
2.7
34
4.4
56
3.4
43
39.2
495
9.1
115
13.5
171
5.5
70
17.4
220
-
11
-
763
-
6
100.0
2,044
2012 3.9
50
2.2
29
3.6
47
4.2
54
39.0
505
8.8
114
12.2
158
7.0
90
19.1
247
-
10
-
666
-
4
100.0
1,974
2014 3.5
60
1.5
26
3.6
62
4.4
75
37.6
640
8.3
141
13.3
226
6.6
113
21.0
358
-
7
-
824
-
6
100.0
2,538
2016 4.0
75
2.1
39
3.2
61
3.5
65
36.5
686
7.2
136
13.8
259
7.5
140
22.2
417
-
2
-
978
-
9
100.0
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
COL TOTAL 5.2
821
2.5
398
3.9
613
4.0
642
41.3
6,561
8.2
1,297
12.4
1,964
6.0
951
16.6
2,629
-
119
-
52,762
-
89
100.0
68,846
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.n
closewhthow close feel to whites
Text of this Question or Item
154b. And in general, how close do you feel to whites?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
closewht
1
not at all close
2
3
4
5
neither one or the other
6
7
8
9
very close
.d
.i
.n
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
1,484
1975 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,490
-
0
-
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
1,860
1983 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,599
-
0
-
1,599
1984 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,473
-
0
-
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
1,534
1986 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,470
-
0
-
1,470
1987 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,819
-
0
-
1,819
1988 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,481
-
0
-
1,481
1989 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,537
-
0
-
1,537
1990 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,372
-
0
-
1,372
1991 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,517
-
0
-
1,517
1993 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,606
-
0
-
1,606
1994 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,992
-
0
-
2,992
1996 1.3
12
.7
7
1.9
18
2.0
19
32.2
308
5.8
55
13.7
131
11.9
114
30.5
292
-
8
-
1,932
-
8
100.0
2,904
1998 1.3
23
.9
17
1.6
29
1.9
35
31.2
566
7.7
139
14.9
270
12.1
220
28.5
517
-
27
-
950
-
39
100.0
2,832
2000 1.8
32
1.0
18
1.0
18
1.6
29
29.0
511
4.8
84
13.3
235
14.0
247
33.5
591
-
10
-
956
-
86
100.0
2,817
2002 .8
7
1.1
10
1.6
15
2.8
26
30.0
276
4.9
45
13.4
123
12.8
118
32.6
300
-
2
-
1,841
-
2
100.0
2,765
2004 .9
8
.4
4
.9
8
1.5
13
33.8
301
6.5
58
14.8
132
13.7
122
27.5
245
-
6
-
1,914
-
1
100.0
2,812
2006 1.0
19
1.1
21
1.9
38
1.9
37
34.5
688
6.5
129
13.9
277
11.6
232
27.8
555
-
6
-
2,507
-
1
100.0
4,510
2008 1.6
22
1.0
13
1.9
26
1.8
24
31.3
417
6.6
88
15.1
202
12.1
162
28.5
380
-
15
-
671
-
3
100.0
2,023
2010 2.1
26
1.7
21
1.3
16
2.5
32
29.6
374
7.5
95
13.5
171
13.0
164
28.9
366
-
9
-
763
-
7
100.0
2,044
2012 1.6
21
.8
10
1.2
16
2.5
33
30.8
399
8.3
108
14.1
183
12.2
158
28.5
369
-
8
-
666
-
3
100.0
1,974
2014 1.3
22
.9
15
1.4
23
2.4
41
29.7
506
8.1
138
14.6
249
13.5
230
28.1
478
-
8
-
824
-
4
100.0
2,538
2016 1.3
25
.8
15
1.3
24
2.5
47
29.3
550
6.4
120
15.6
293
12.5
235
30.4
571
-
3
-
978
-
6
100.0
2,867
2018 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2,348
-
0
-
2,348
2021 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
4,032
-
0
-
4,032
COL TOTAL 1.4
217
1.0
151
1.5
231
2.1
336
30.9
4,896
6.7
1,059
14.3
2,266
12.7
2,002
29.5
4,664
-
102
-
52,762
-
160
100.0
68,846
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.n
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