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GSS 1972-2022 Cumulative Datafile - Release 2


Government Responsibility

helppoorshould govt improve standard of living?
Text of this Question or Item
309. I'd like to talk with you about issues some people tell us 
are important. Please look at card BC. Some people think that 
the government in Washington should do everything possible to 
improve the standard of living of all poor Americans; they are 
at point 1 on this card. Other people think itis not the 
government's responsibility, and that each person should take 
care of himself; they are at point 5. a. Where would you place 
yourself on this scale, or haven't you made up your mind on 
this?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
helppoor
1
government should help
2
3
agree with both
4
5
people should care for themselves
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 30.0
434
10.2
147
35.8
518
10.7
155
13.4
194
-
42
-
0
-
0
-
0
100.0
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 17.5
268
15.4
236
41.2
631
14.1
215
11.8
180
-
63
-
0
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,599
1984 18.0
253
11.4
160
47.3
666
14.7
207
8.7
123
-
53
-
0
-
11
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 18.7
267
12.7
181
45.9
657
11.7
168
11.0
157
-
36
-
0
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,470
1987 22.4
395
12.5
220
43.0
757
12.2
215
9.9
175
-
46
-
0
-
11
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 17.6
171
13.1
127
45.4
441
12.2
118
11.7
114
-
24
-
484
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 17.0
170
15.4
154
44.5
445
14.1
141
8.9
89
-
34
-
502
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 19.2
168
15.3
134
44.2
387
12.7
111
8.6
75
-
23
-
473
-
1
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 17.4
171
16.7
164
44.2
435
13.4
132
8.3
82
-
29
-
500
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 12.7
131
13.8
142
48.7
501
14.1
145
10.6
109
-
25
-
549
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 13.0
252
13.8
268
44.8
870
16.4
318
12.0
232
-
58
-
981
-
13
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 13.4
248
12.5
231
47.1
871
16.0
297
11.0
204
-
67
-
979
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 13.0
239
13.0
240
44.4
818
17.1
316
12.5
230
-
62
-
921
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 14.4
263
13.0
237
43.1
786
17.0
309
12.5
227
-
65
-
921
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 17.3
154
10.7
95
47.3
420
13.0
115
11.7
104
-
23
-
1,853
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 17.1
148
10.1
87
47.4
410
14.3
124
11.1
96
-
11
-
1,936
-
0
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 18.8
369
10.4
204
46.7
915
13.3
261
10.7
209
-
30
-
2,521
-
1
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 20.0
267
12.6
168
42.6
568
14.0
187
10.7
143
-
31
-
658
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 16.9
226
11.3
151
44.6
597
14.8
198
12.5
168
-
32
-
667
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 16.4
212
11.2
145
44.8
580
14.0
181
13.6
176
-
40
-
636
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 16.7
273
12.8
210
42.4
695
14.7
241
13.4
219
-
48
-
851
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 18.3
345
14.9
281
42.5
802
15.2
287
9.1
172
-
61
-
913
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 17.2
261
14.5
220
45.6
692
12.2
186
10.5
160
-
44
-
785
-
0
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 25.6
675
12.7
335
39.3
1,035
12.4
327
9.9
261
-
10
-
1,373
-
0
-
16
100.0
4,032
2022 28.1
652
11.6
270
39.7
922
10.2
236
10.4
242
-
34
-
1,174
-
7
-
7
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 18.7
7,012
12.8
4,807
43.7
16,419
13.8
5,190
11.0
4,141
-
991
-
33,701
-
106
-
23
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
helpnotshould govt do more or less?
Text of this Question or Item
310. Please look at card BD. Some people think that the 
government in Washington is trying to do too many things that 
should be left to individuals and private busienss; they are at 
point 5 on this card. Others disagree and think that the 
government should do even more to solve our country's problems; 
they are at point 1. a. Where would you place yourself on this 
scale, or haven't you made up your mind on this?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
helpnot
1
government should do more
2
3
agree with both
4
5
government does too much
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 26.8
371
11.6
161
31.3
433
12.5
173
17.7
245
-
104
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 13.3
198
11.8
175
38.7
574
18.9
280
17.4
258
-
110
-
0
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,599
1984 14.9
204
13.4
184
39.2
537
17.6
241
14.9
204
-
79
-
0
-
24
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 13.0
180
13.3
185
43.6
604
16.5
228
13.6
189
-
81
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,470
1987 19.2
328
15.2
260
38.5
657
14.1
241
12.9
220
-
104
-
0
-
9
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 14.6
137
14.7
138
41.9
392
15.1
141
13.7
128
-
60
-
484
-
1
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 13.9
134
15.3
147
40.6
390
16.5
159
13.6
131
-
72
-
502
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 14.0
118
16.0
135
43.1
364
15.7
133
11.2
95
-
54
-
473
-
0
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 14.8
139
15.8
149
41.9
395
15.7
148
11.8
111
-
70
-
500
-
5
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 13.6
138
15.4
156
39.6
401
16.0
162
15.3
155
-
39
-
549
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 12.4
235
14.3
271
37.4
709
18.9
358
17.1
325
-
98
-
981
-
15
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 12.6
229
13.1
239
39.7
722
17.8
324
16.7
304
-
100
-
979
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 11.2
202
12.8
231
41.5
749
18.8
339
15.6
282
-
105
-
921
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 11.9
213
12.6
226
39.6
709
18.5
331
17.5
313
-
95
-
921
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 14.6
129
10.5
93
48.8
431
13.9
123
12.2
108
-
27
-
1,853
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 16.1
137
10.1
86
44.7
381
14.4
123
14.8
126
-
22
-
1,936
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 17.5
339
10.3
199
44.4
859
14.9
288
12.9
250
-
51
-
2,521
-
3
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 17.3
226
13.3
174
41.2
539
13.4
175
14.8
194
-
53
-
658
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 15.6
205
12.6
165
37.9
498
14.4
189
19.6
257
-
58
-
667
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 15.4
199
11.4
147
41.1
530
13.3
171
18.8
242
-
45
-
636
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 13.8
223
10.7
174
38.5
624
15.9
258
21.1
342
-
65
-
851
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 17.7
329
11.3
210
40.6
754
14.7
273
15.7
292
-
92
-
913
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 15.5
231
14.7
219
43.2
644
13.9
207
12.7
190
-
68
-
785
-
4
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 20.7
539
14.8
386
37.4
977
12.2
319
14.9
388
-
10
-
1,377
-
0
-
36
100.0
4,032
2022 22.8
520
11.4
260
39.8
906
11.2
255
14.7
335
-
71
-
1,174
-
7
-
16
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 16.1
5,903
13.0
4,770
40.2
14,779
15.3
5,639
15.5
5,684
-
1,733
-
33,705
-
125
-
52
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
helpsickshould govt help pay for medical care?
Text of this Question or Item
311. Look at card BE. In general, some people think that it is 
the responsibility of the government in Washington to see to it 
that people have help in paying for doctors and hospital bills; 
they are at point 1. Others think that these matters are not the 
responsibility of the federal government and that people should 
take care of these things themselves; they are at point 5. a. 
Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you 
made up your mind on this?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
helpsick
1
government should help
2
3
agree with both
4
5
people should care for themselves
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 36.6
532
12.9
188
29.1
423
7.9
115
13.4
195
-
31
-
0
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 26.8
413
19.5
300
32.7
504
10.5
162
10.5
161
-
53
-
0
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,599
1984 24.6
347
19.1
269
35.9
506
12.5
176
7.9
111
-
40
-
0
-
24
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 29.2
416
20.5
292
32.4
462
11.5
164
6.5
93
-
36
-
0
-
7
-
0
100.0
1,470
1987 30.9
549
19.9
353
34.4
610
7.9
141
6.8
121
-
39
-
0
-
6
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 27.2
264
22.0
214
35.5
345
8.7
85
6.6
64
-
21
-
484
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 31.1
314
22.9
231
30.7
310
7.7
78
7.6
77
-
21
-
502
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 30.5
266
26.3
229
31.0
270
7.7
67
4.5
39
-
26
-
473
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 32.3
321
25.2
250
27.3
271
9.4
93
5.8
58
-
20
-
500
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 28.9
297
22.8
234
32.4
332
9.6
98
6.3
65
-
23
-
549
-
8
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 25.9
503
21.6
420
31.9
620
11.2
217
9.5
185
-
53
-
981
-
13
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 27.7
518
21.6
403
33.3
622
10.6
198
6.7
126
-
51
-
979
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 25.6
473
22.9
423
33.0
610
10.0
185
8.5
158
-
56
-
921
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 29.5
539
22.0
402
32.0
586
10.6
194
6.0
109
-
57
-
921
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 32.0
287
19.5
175
34.3
308
7.2
65
7.0
63
-
13
-
1,853
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 32.4
280
20.3
175
31.7
274
7.6
66
8.0
69
-
11
-
1,936
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 33.9
665
18.7
367
32.3
634
8.5
166
6.7
132
-
25
-
2,521
-
0
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 35.4
471
18.9
252
28.9
384
9.4
125
7.4
99
-
32
-
658
-
2
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 30.3
402
16.9
224
31.8
422
10.7
142
10.3
136
-
45
-
667
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 29.6
384
17.6
228
31.6
410
11.8
153
9.4
122
-
39
-
636
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 25.1
412
19.0
311
32.5
533
10.7
175
12.7
209
-
46
-
851
-
1
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 31.0
587
19.2
364
31.6
599
10.0
190
8.2
156
-
55
-
913
-
3
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 34.6
528
20.0
306
29.3
448
8.4
129
7.7
117
-
33
-
785
-
2
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 34.9
917
17.9
471
30.2
793
8.6
227
8.3
219
-
4
-
1,377
-
1
-
23
100.0
4,032
2022 40.9
949
16.4
381
29.6
687
6.0
140
7.1
166
-
33
-
1,174
-
4
-
10
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 30.9
11,634
19.8
7,462
31.8
11,963
9.4
3,551
8.1
3,050
-
863
-
33,705
-
129
-
33
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
helpblkshould govt aid blacks?
Text of this Question or Item
312. Now look at card BF. Some people think that 
(blacks/negroes/African-Americans) have been discriminated 
against for so long that the government has a special obligation 
to help improve their living standards; they are at point 1. 
Others believe that the government should not be giving special 
treatment to (blacks/negroes/African-Americans); they are at 
point 5. a. Where would you place yourself on this scale, or 
haven't you made up your mind on this?
Cells contain:
-Valid row pct.
-N of cases
helpblk
1
government should help
2
3
agree with both
4
5
no special treatment
.d
don't know
.i
iap
.n
no answer
.s
skipped on web
ROW
TOTAL
year 1972 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
-
0
-
0
-
1,613
1973 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
-
0
-
0
-
1,504
1974 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
-
0
-
0
-
1,484
1975 16.6
240
8.7
126
21.5
311
12.4
179
40.9
592
-
40
-
0
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,490
1976 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
-
0
-
0
-
1,499
1977 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
-
0
-
0
-
1,530
1978 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
-
0
-
0
-
1,532
1980 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
-
0
-
0
-
1,468
1982 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
-
0
-
0
-
1,860
1983 7.9
120
9.9
151
26.6
406
21.1
322
34.5
527
-
66
-
0
-
7
-
0
100.0
1,599
1984 9.7
136
9.8
137
31.4
439
17.7
248
31.4
439
-
51
-
0
-
23
-
0
100.0
1,473
1985 -
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
-
0
-
0
-
1,534
1986 8.4
120
9.8
140
29.4
420
18.2
260
34.1
487
-
39
-
0
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,470
1987 15.8
278
11.6
204
29.4
519
15.8
279
27.5
485
-
46
-
0
-
8
-
0
100.0
1,819
1988 7.7
74
10.3
99
29.6
285
17.9
172
34.6
333
-
30
-
484
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,481
1989 9.0
90
9.7
97
27.9
278
19.1
190
34.3
342
-
36
-
502
-
2
-
0
100.0
1,537
1990 10.5
139
10.4
138
34.2
452
16.6
220
28.3
374
-
46
-
0
-
3
-
0
100.0
1,372
1991 10.6
104
11.5
113
31.7
311
19.3
189
26.9
264
-
32
-
500
-
4
-
0
100.0
1,517
1993 7.4
75
10.3
105
32.6
333
21.3
217
28.4
290
-
30
-
549
-
7
-
0
100.0
1,606
1994 8.5
164
7.5
146
30.1
584
24.0
465
29.9
581
-
60
-
981
-
11
-
0
100.0
2,992
1996 8.4
155
8.8
163
29.8
552
23.9
443
29.1
539
-
63
-
979
-
10
-
0
100.0
2,904
1998 6.8
124
10.6
194
32.2
591
21.8
399
28.7
526
-
70
-
921
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,832
2000 9.8
176
9.6
173
33.2
598
20.1
361
27.3
492
-
81
-
921
-
15
-
0
100.0
2,817
2002 8.5
76
8.1
72
31.7
282
19.9
177
31.8
283
-
20
-
1,853
-
2
-
0
100.0
2,765
2004 7.7
66
7.2
62
32.4
278
18.4
158
34.3
295
-
12
-
1,936
-
5
-
0
100.0
2,812
2006 10.7
209
7.5
147
34.0
662
18.7
365
29.0
565
-
37
-
2,521
-
4
-
0
100.0
4,510
2008 9.6
125
8.2
107
33.6
440
19.3
253
29.3
383
-
50
-
658
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,023
2010 9.4
124
8.7
115
30.6
405
20.1
266
31.2
412
-
49
-
667
-
6
-
0
100.0
2,044
2012 7.3
93
9.1
117
30.7
394
18.0
231
34.9
447
-
47
-
636
-
9
-
0
100.0
1,974
2014 9.2
150
8.9
145
31.1
505
18.1
293
32.6
529
-
58
-
851
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,538
2016 13.1
246
11.7
220
32.4
608
19.8
371
22.9
430
-
72
-
913
-
7
-
0
100.0
2,867
2018 15.7
235
12.6
188
34.0
507
16.9
253
20.8
310
-
61
-
785
-
9
-
0
100.0
2,348
2021 21.5
560
15.6
407
26.1
679
12.1
315
24.6
641
-
11
-
1,382
-
3
-
34
100.0
4,032
2022 21.8
498
12.6
287
31.0
707
11.2
256
23.4
535
-
60
-
1,174
-
13
-
14
100.0
3,544
COL TOTAL 11.6
4,377
10.2
3,853
30.6
11,546
18.2
6,882
29.4
11,101
-
1,167
-
33,237
-
179
-
48
100.0
72,390
Properties
Data type: numeric
Missing-data codes: .d,.i,.j,.m,.n,.p,.q,.r,.s,.u,.x,.y,.z
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